Iphone vs android Essay

Over the years technology has been improving in terms of entertainment, social media, and communication. Today, smart phones are a verification of this improving technology, but how do we decide which one is the better device? IPhone and Android are the latest most powerful operating systems out on the market. There are advantages and disadvantages to both cellular devices, and the ongoing competition will improve the smartphones for years to come. Affordability and durability are the two key factors when it comes to purchasing a smart phone. Apple and Google have gone head to head on competing for the best products. Most people assume that the expensive device has better durability and can be used longer. Price wise the Android phones ranges anywhere from one hundred to three hundred dollars. In contrast, the iPhone price range is between two hundred to six hundred dollars. Most Android users report that they have dropped their phone multiple times and have not had major damage to their phone. On the other hand, iPhone users state that the front screen display can be shattered easily because of the front screen glass like display, and replacing the screen can often cost more than the phone itself. There is a wider range of android phones as they are made by a variety of manufactures. Android gives you the flexibility to choose from many different colors, sizes or distinct features. The iPhone is restricted and limited to one model each year, but recently Apple has now developed two phones with different colors to match your personal preference. Nonetheless, Apple phones have the same features. While these phones are more powerful and fun than any other smartphone, that fun comes with a price. Any smartphone user will recharge their phone almost  every couple of hours. The cellular data network on each phone drains the battery the most, because we use it daily either for social networks or important information for homework. A smartphone without applications is nothing but an ordinary dull phone. The applications are the hub of the operating system. Both the iPhone and Android have app stores which are the Apple App store for iPhone and the Google Play Store for Android. According to recent news, each store now has about 700,000 apps. Many of the apps are free for both stores, but Apple on the other hand has a reputation for being pricey. It’s also worth noting that Android is still the second option for big companies developing applications. Many applications exist for both devices. It’s logical that the main focus is on releasing and updating the paid applications before the free ones. Each operating system has voice activated assistants which is an app on the android called S-Voice app and the well-known Siri for the iPhone. Siri is admired and amazingly beneficial to all the iPhone users. The voice activated assistants on each device, is an automated assistant that responds when one speaks to it, as if you were speaking to a person. There is also a free Android app called Robin, which pursues to rival Siri. Both of these devices contain a guided navigation system which help in getting around the local area. Apple Maps which is an app for the iPhone and Google Maps for Android. Google Maps allows the use of Google’s Street View; Apple Maps does not. When using the GPS on the iPhone there have been complaints on how the GPS guides them to an unusual location rather than the original destination. The GPS for Android users is accurate and more reliable to use especially when going on road trips. Web Browser on Apple Safari for the iPhone and Google Chrome are both fine choices which work well on a mobile screen and offer touch screen capabilities, zooming in for instance is an example. In comparison the two phones have incredibly fast internet and it is basically like having a computer in your pocket at all times. Adobe Flash is available on the Android, and it aids in website where a user interface is needed and here is where Android has the advantage. A function that many people can’t seem to live without is the ability to text message. Both of these phones contain the ability to text, not just with one’s fingers but by just by talking to the phone’s speaker. This function is beneficial, because instead of a phone call that might take up your time, you can just send a message within  seconds. IPhone and Android phones are currently the latest, in demand phones. Some people wonder what the difference between the two is, or if they are just the same. Technology changes every day and there’s always new and different phones on the market. Ultimately it’s the user’s preference on which device they would like to purchase.

Affording EU Homes

The ever rising housing demand in Europe, and indeed all over the world is forcing countries to develop measures ensuring that all people across income lines get decent accommodation.Being among basis human rights, states are obligated to develop and maintain systems that consistently help citizens with their housing needs. In this regard, individual EU countries are under, the Union supposed to ensure that the basis human right of hosing is provided, failure of which could lead to disciplinary action from the secretariat as well as ridicule from other members.However, the question whether the Brussels should have a say in member country housing policy has been rising and consistently debated at national and regional level. As a contribution to this debate, this paper shall investigate whether the European Union as a body has a part to play in national hosing policy development; it shall be argued that Brussels has no role to play at the national level. However, Brussels should provi de guidelines and targets to be followed by individual member countries.The paper shall pass Italy's decentralization and Localization of housing problems as the best framework that EU should copy.   The concluding part would reiterate on important points made in the paper.Brussels' Role in National Housing PolicyCurrent arrangement at the regional levels have national governments take control of their nation's housing policies (Priemus, 2006, p. 1). This ensures that individual countries develop and maintain policies that are in line with national demand. In addition, countries are able to wither through business cycles affecting their industries without affecting other nations.Having each country take care of housing policies further mean that member countries are able to see and learn for best practices used in different nations. This diversity of policies are hard for EU officials to manage, which explains why national governments should continue taking the center stage.Despit e the independence of national governments in managing their countries' housing markets, it has been reported that the European Union has been slowly making inroads into the management of the sector, a matter that many countries are not very comfortable-with (Priemus, 2006, p. 1). The EU comes into the management circle in the name of streamlining housing industry in the entire region. One route that is consistently used by the EU is the pretext of assuring that social aspects of housing are met by all members.That is, members of the community without abilities to provide themselves with shelter are considered and equally attended. Due to the need of providing shelter for all in the region, EU authorities have been pushing national governments to adopt a single approach to the issue. This however requires minimal state intervention and increased role of the European Union in running of housing affairs in the region.The loss of national control of the housing market is not being take n lightly by European governments and the electorates. One reason being that the sector is seen as so vital such that the state and local stakeholders have to be involved with day to day running of the industry.National governments should less be involved in the management of housing industry as is in Italy, which means that even the EU should stay clear of housing. Reason: the one-size-fits-all policy of development would not be effective in meeting housing goals than the policy of decentralization (Eurofound, 2006, p. 7).ReferencesEyk, H. (2002). EU & Housing. Amsterdam. Housing Ministry.Eurofound, (2006). Social Dimensions of EU Housing. Dublin: Eurofound.Longo, G. (2006). Coupling Localization and Urbanization of Housing in Italy.   Ljubljana:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ENHR.Premus, H. (2006). EU and National Housing Systems. Ljubljana: ENHR.Toa, A. (2007). Italian Housing Policy. Roma: University of Roma.

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot - Essay Example Suffering takes place in the lives beings with feelings in a number of ways, which are more so dramatically. The reason the writers of these poems decided to include the theme of suffering in their works is due to the effect it has on human beings as well as the times at which they wrote their works. The theme of suffering is used to show how; many fields of man’s activities are associated with one or the other aspect of suffering in their own ways. The various facets of suffering explored in the poems include nature of suffering, causes and origin, processes of suffering, significance and meaning of suffering, its related behaviors (cultural, social, personal), the remedies of suffering, management of suffering, as well as its uses. The poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by J.S. Eliot and â€Å"The Weary Blues† by Langston Hughes in symbolic and imagery ways allude to the theme of suffering. Having been written in the early twentieth century they d epict the silent inward suffering of human beings and song or blues is a metaphor in the poems respectively. An in depth analysis of both shows how music is used as a symbol to communicate the remedy for suffering. In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, T.S. ... The cause of his suffering on the inside (silent suffering) is that he has too much knowledge of life to even dare approach the woman with whom he intended to have tea. This monologue accelerates torture in his mind as he hears comments made by others about his inadequacies, which causes him to be hard on himself for, ever thinking that it was possible to interact with the woman emotionally. Prufrock in his contemplation and meditation suffers emotional distress by the conclusions he makes in his mind that he is a second rate citizen which is all a matter of self-condemnation (Ackerley 24). J.S. Eliot employs the form that is a dramatic monologue or a soliloquy in which the speaker’s (J. Alfred Prufrock) character is developed and revealed. His suffering is made worse by the fact that he (Prufrock) is urban thus isolated as well as moody and sensitive thinker. The writer uses fragmentation and juxtaposition in propagating the theme of emotional hurt with mental focus as one of the subjects. He portrays that in this modern world, there are destructive and impersonal forces that need to be overcome which the speaker uses pity as a defense. Pity for Prufrock alleviates the suffering he is experiencing mentally by devaluating himself claiming he is no Hamlet. The theme of suffering silently in this poem portrays the fragile or damaged psychological state of human beings in the twentieth century. J.S. Eliot captures the transformed world, which was seen as denigrated, alienated, and fractured. The soliloquy of Prufrock shows the suffering caused by the Great War to which Europe lost a whole generation of young men. This left the survivors struggling to establish their masculinity in a society that had changed radically. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred

Innovation and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation and Leadership - Essay Example They are faced with the issue of understanding the dynamics of innovation and exactly the drivers of the whole aspect. The question is not whether to innovate or not. Rather, they ask how they can successfully innovate. The most general definition of innovation is introduction of something new into any one given field (Zaccaro 2001, p.1-5). However, this is only a general definition of the aspect. Many people, depending on the field of operation understand innovation differently. The difference comes in when one is considering the change that will be introduced and the expected results. In the production field, innovation means introduction of a new product in the market. In the same line, it could also mean technological innovation to venture into a new the market. To another field, faster means of operation would dominate the definition of innovation. Despite varied means of defining innovation, there are three key terms that are never wanting in these definitions (Birnbaum 2004, p .345-370). These include the word new, movement from one state to another, and finally the translation of the idea in the organization. Innovation is about shifting from the old and ushering in something new. The success of the whole process is when the idea is translated into a good or service. Stacey (1992, p. 67-74) argue that all that an organization needs is leadership to achieve innovation (Stacey 1992, p.67-74). Theories have been developed to justify this fact. However, in this paper, I critically evaluate whether this is necessarily true. The paper goes ahead to evaluate the truth behind this theory, while at the same time going beyond its confines. Innovation in The Past Innovation can be traced from the days of state owned organizations (Arthur 1988, p.15-22; Senior & Fleming 2006, p.1-12). The state, in many countries managed the organizations, which brought about much inefficiency. The main aim for this era was to minimize the costs of production. Mass production of goo ds coupled with manipulation of demand and supply by the state owned organizations was a specialty in those days (Howells 2005, p.1-7). Their aim was not easy to achieve because of overproduction. Much as the business environment was stable, the consumer’s preference was highly ignored (Tarde 1903, p.5-7). The economists supporting this kind of an approach failed to see the gap created between the corporate and the consumer. Then change happened, and innovation was ushered into the manufacturing (Howells 2005, p.1-7. Industrialization and invention that came with it set the pace for the innovative corporate we experience today. The new means of production focused on several aspects, which were more efficient (Iordanis 2003, p.3-11; Joseph 1950, p. 17-56)). For one, the products were fewer but more specialize to fit the consumer’s preference. Secondly, the aspect of incorporating knowledge in the production would defeat the competition that constantly becoming stiff. Th irdly, the technological innovation would reduce the costs while at the same time allowing the chance for flexibility (Senior & Fleming 2006, p.1-12; Howells 2005, p.1-7). Further, there was the incorporation of services after offering the goods to the consumer. The feminism was also considered in the manufacturing. The whole aspect of invention and innovation was a major breakthrough for the consumer (Birnbaum 2004, p.345-370). The products defined the needs of the consumer and were able to tap into the market that was once ignored. The success of many organizations from then on became dependent on the ability to innovate. There are still many government owned

Tolerable Misstatement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tolerable Misstatement - Assignment Example There is normally a high risk of misstatement for accounts receivable as there is a possibility that debts may not be collectible due to the inability of customers (debtors) to pay. It is important to ensure that the amounts are collectible so that adequate provisions can be made. Tests should be done to determine the age of the debts in comparison to the terms given to debtors’ confirmations should also be sent on the bass of materiality. Additionally, the auditor should ensure that amounts stated as receivables are not disputed due to poor record keeping or inadequate controls over cash receipts. The amount represented by 2% is $172. Therefore, if the amounts are misstated by that amount it is not a major problem. However, if the amount by which the figure is misstated is greater than $172 then there is a cause for concern. The receivables figure has declined by over 30% while revenues have increased. It is important to determine the reason for this. Receivables are suscepti ble to both intentional and unintentional misstatements and a lot of work will be required to verify such balances. Prepaid advertising $200 The tolerable misstatement of 2% is within the limits recommended (Willis & Adams 3-2). Prepaid advertising is a current asset that may be fairly easy to check as it involves making a determination of the amount paid for advertising. However, if the number of advertisements is large or the dates when the advertisement should start and end are not recorded then there is the risk that it may be misstated. Explanations to support Work Paper 3-8, continuing ACCOUNT NAME TOLERABLE MISSTATEMENT EXPLANATION Computer hardware and software $400 The change over prior year is approximately 8% and indicates that there were substantial additions to this fixed asset. It is normal that all additions to fixed assets are verified. Additionally, the amounts amortized should be tested to ensure that the computations are accurate. Furthermore, they should be check ed to ensure that the assets included are properly classified. However, a 1% misstatement is immaterial and therefore tolerable (Willis & Adams 3-2). Leasehold improvements $150 The tolerable misstatement of 5% appears to be rather high since this is a fixed asset. This type of asset normally requires 100% verification. However, there has been no major change in leasehold improvements from the prior year. Willis & Adams (3-2) indicates that the tolerable limit for total assets is 0.5%. When compared to total assets the amount is very immaterial and so a tolerable limit of 5% for this asset is immaterial. Accumulated depreciation and amortization $150 The amount for depreciation is prone to error and it has to be thoroughly checked. There has been an approximate 15% increase and this increase needs to be verified. There is really no room for error as its calculation is very objective. Explanations to support Work Paper 3-8, continuing ACCOUNT NAME TOLERABLE MISSTATEMENT EXPLANATION I ntangible assets, net $100 The valuation of intangible assets is subjective and so there is the risk of misstatement. Although the change is approximately 300% it is not large in comparison to other fixed assets. Since the total amount is small a tolerable misstatement of 6% would not significantly affect the materiality levels for total fixed assets. Accounts payable $180 Accounts payable is prone to misstatement and so companies are prone

Major factors in managing construction of house Assignment

Major factors in managing construction of house - Assignment Example The completion of any project is the successful conglomeration of many factors. Construction of house is also no exception to this. The following factors must be taken care of by the project manager in the ensuring that all activities are completed in time. License from the authority for the construction Availability of wood, nail, gum, plumbing material, wiring material, curtain, carpet etc Availability of Labour Efficient use of resources Completion of each activity in time so that the project can be finished as desired (i)Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of network and the WBS. Advantages of Networking Helps the project manager to concentrate their attention to the critical activities and their completion in time Provides the best way of planning and scheduling a project Give complete information about duration, slackness etc of activities Suggest areas for increasing efficiency and reduction of costs Helps to formulate new schedules and when the existing schedule cannot be met Minimizes delay in completion of the project Disadvantages of Networking The realistic time estimates are not obtained. In the case of new and non-repetitive type of projects, the time estimates are more often mere guesses It is not easy to develop a clear logical network in some cases The level of network details cannot be determined properly in some cases. The level of details varies from planner to planner depending on the judgment and experience Lack of trained personnel in the network methodology. Advantages of WBS Allows the project manager to understand the scope of the project Facilitates the manager to understand the various activities, sub activities and their completion time It provides the frame work to understand the planning and controlling cost of the project It can be revised as and when required by the manger Disadvantages of WBS In case of some projects, certain activities cannot be delineated from other activities because of overlapping The exact deliverables need not be estimated with accuracy in case of all projects The philosophy of WBS preparation may change from firm to firm. (k) Integrate WBS and OBS for the project Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) Performing Department Landscaping Foundation Siding Roofing Plumbing Finishing Project Manager (Andy) Plastering Framing Wiring Skylight TV Antenna Painting Make Curtain Lay Carpet Builder ( Joseph) X X Electrician (John) X X Plumber (Tony) X Handyman (

Finance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance Management - Essay Example The net profit ratio shows that CLP Ltd was able to retain about 27% of the total revenue after accounting for various costs and expenses in the year 2005. It also suggest that the company loses about 73% of its sales revenue on account of various production, distribution, selling, administrative, operating, and other expenses. This ratio has decreased as compared to the previous year by about 5% even though the revenue increased in the current years. This suggests that the company is confronting with increasing expenses to carry out its activities. Riahi-Belkaoui says that the return on capital employed ratio "indicates how efficiently the capital supplied by the common stockholders was employed within the firm" (11). CLP Ltd utilized the funds provided by shareholders to generate a profit of about only 3% in 2005, which has tumbled from 18.24% in 2004. The analysis of return on assets ratio shows that in 2005, the company utilized its assets towards the generation of profit in a slightly better manner than the year 2004. Hence, profitability analysis suggests that the company is a fairly profitable company. The liquidity analysis shows t... The current ratio for CLP Ltd reveals that the company owns HK$0.65 of current assets to pay off HK$1 of its liabilities in 2005. This indicates a severe shortage of liquid assets in the company to the extent that it cannot discharge its short-term debts out of even all of its current assets. In the current year, this has declined by about 10%, which is not a good sign for its liquidity position. The quick ratio also suggests a falling trend in the company's ability to pay off its short-term liabilities and day-to-day expenses. Efficiency 2005 2004 Receivable Turnover 52 days 42 days Cash Dividend Coverage Ratio 1.75 1.89 The receivable turnover ratio exhibits that in the year 2005, the company's management converted its receivable into cash in 52 days, which has dramatically risen as compared to the previous year. This shows that the company is becoming inefficient in collecting money from its debtors on time. The cash dividend coverage ratio shows how well the company is able to pay off dividends to its shareholders out of available cash funds. An analysis of this ratio for the company suggests that although the company's cash balance is sufficient enough in 2005 to pay the dividends, yet the ratio has declined from that of the year 2004 due to the firm's attempt to pay a higher dividend in the current year out of almost the same operating cash balance. Leverage 2005 2004 Debt Ratio 28.84% 23.23% Gearing Ratio 58.59% 42.47% Riahi-Belkaoui illuminates that the leverage ratios are "used to assess the long-term solvency risk of the firm" (10). The debt ratio reveals that in 2004, about 23% of the company's assets were financed with the

The Balanced Scorecard & the Financial Perspective Essay

The Balanced Scorecard & the Financial Perspective - Essay Example In today’s time whether it be a for-profit-organization or a not-for-profit organization, has to develop various strategic business models in order to manage and sustain their organization. Similarly, the rehabilitation centre got into strategic planning long ago. There had been various consultants who provided counseling to the centre on implementation of proper strategic business models for the smooth functioning of the organization. The centre tried to adapt these strategic business model based on the inputs provided by various consultants but the implementation of such models were very difficult for the centre since they were into rendering different types of services and these services were done not for profit. The management was unable to push down the strategic plan to the lower levels, from where it has to be started, hence the centre couldn’t never avail the desired outcomes. After years of pushing and pulling into the implementation of strategic business model s, the management finally appointed a Director of strategic planning, who in turn after thorough scanning and exploration of various levels of strategic planning process decided to utilize the concept of Balanced Scorecard. The main objective of implementation was to align each area within the center itself with the overall strategic plan. This concept was similar to breaking down of big activities into smaller parts so that even difficult task can be completed in time (Kazmi, 2002). The mission and vision statement of the organization was to become â€Å"a leader in providing and assessing desired services to people with disabilities†. The implementation of Balance scorecard was difficult at initial stages but as the top level management understood the importance and effectiveness of Balance scorecard, implementation became bit easier at later stages though the outcome measurement for many areas remained a difficult task as the customers at the center are people with develop mental disabilities. Analysis The main purpose of a balance scorecard is that it helps an organization to adhere to it mission and vision statement while aligning all its activities to one direction. A Balance Scorecard has four perspectives namely the learning and growth perspective, internal business process perspective, customer perspective and the financial perspective. Based on these four perspectives it can be viewed the organization from these four broad perspectives. The four perspective of the Cattaraugus County rehabilitation Centre has been discussed below: Customer Perspective: In the customer perspective the main goal is to amend the quality of services provided to the customer by the center. It has again two aspects to it, first, by providing better services through narrowing down the gap of unfulfilled services like allowing various supports to families of the individuals with disabilities, by improving the access facilities to customer for the services etc. Secondly, by giving the families and individual maximum independence and recognition for e.g. by providing various opportunities to the individuals in their community, helping them to develop various skill like sustaining relationships, developing various skills in them, providing them with opportunities to work , by working on plans based on the feedback provided by the customers etc. Financial perspective: The main objective of any organization is maximize profit through increased

Team Building Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Building - Term Paper Example In this regard, there are team building exercises that have been proven to assist in conflict resolution in an organizational setting. The objective of this essay therefore, is to present and describe a team-building exercise for conflict resolution that could be applicable in an organizational atmosphere. Team-Building Exercise Usually, the sources of conflicts within groups are the incongruence of goals, interests, and lack of accurate perception of each member’s personalities and preferences. Conflict behavior could be manifested through overt (or covert) expressions of hostility between members of the group and deliberate interference with each other’s activities. Human behavior practitioners have identified a number of approaches to resolve conflicts within groups through group meetings, brainstorming, group dynamics and team-building exercises, and sensitivity training (Martires and Fule, 2004, pp.114 – 118). Group dynamics and team-building exercises are t echniques that enable group members to articulate their actual experiences, emote their feelings, sentiments and emotions on certain aspects, areas or problems with the aid of a facilitator. The process helps members get a clear understanding of the problem and gain insights into the situation. One example of team-building exercises that can be presented within an organizational setting is the Brown Bag Discussion (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6). The details that indicate the goals, materials, directions, and variations are as follows: Brown Bag Discussion â€Å"Goal: To have an opportunity to discuss group issues in a fair way Materials: Small pieces of paper, paper bag Directions: Have each person write down, on a small piece of paper, the topic that they think the group should discuss most. Have them fold the paper twice and deposit it in the bag. Shake the bag and take turns drawing out a topic, reading it and discussing it. Make sure that the person who wrote the topic i s satisfied with the discussion before you move on the next topic. Remind people to use "I "statements. Variations: Have the group write down questions to make it a an icebreaker, or write down different quotes and draw them out one at a time and talked about what they mean to the group† (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6) The exercise is simple to understand and to implement within the organizational setting and requires very minimal materials that are easy to procure. Further, as the directions indicate, the topic that the group could focus for the discussion could be the current conflict being experienced among group members. By doing so, with the assistance of a facilitator, the members would be illumined on the possible ways to resolve the conflict as heard from the insights and comments of each member. Also, to lighten up the discussion, the variation is a helpful technique that could provide an ice breaker for the discussion; rather than merely focusing on the serious ness of the conflict resolution topic. An ice breaker could be in the form of group activities that require actions, games, and even fun endeavors that would stimulate much needed respite from the formalities of the discussion. In the end, the facilitator should identify which among

E-Commerce in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-Commerce in the 21st Century - Essay Example However, E Commerce is no panacea. There are some thorny issues in the implementation of E Commerce; particularly, the technical standards and security issues. The report aims at analysing the benefits of E Commerce to business functions. The report looks at the current technological offerings available to businesses to implement E Commerce. Specific benefits brought about by E Commerce in various systems and sub systems of businesses are considered. The paper also analyses the loopholes of E Commerce solutions that may hamper the companies in the implementation. Finally the case study of COMPANY is considered to bolster the premises of the report. The availability of commodity priced IT systems, high speed and affordable communications infrastructure and ever increasing research and development in computer languages have swelled E Commerce. But what exactly is E Commerce The ubiquitous definition of E Commerce would be, "Buying and selling of goods on the Internet". However this definition is a little too coarse; too simple. The eCommerce Innovation Centre provides a more pragmatic view by defining E Commerce as every form of business or administrative transaction or exchange of information between a company and its outside world (eCIC, 2001). The first implementations of E Commerce applications can be traced back to the early 1970s, when a few companies began exchanging data among themselves through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), a prevalent industry standard for inter enterprise communication. Since then there has been no looking back. Companies began deploying huge corporate networks with groups of systems perform cert ain business tasks. The major springboard to E Commerce was provided by the low cost entry of the Internet. Virtually every major company started transforming their businesses to global level through Internet (Gottardi et al, 2004). However today, just a decade after the revolution, E Commerce is plainly considered to be a synonym for high profits. It is an underlying business philosophy assumption of major companies and not some necessary technological breakthrough. Such a ubiquity of E Commerce was mainly due to its potential to lead to dramatic growth in trade and improved efficiency and effectiveness of business practises. As of today, E Commerce consists of several theoretical models, which provide a company with the tools to support the 5 essential elements of conducting business, namely price, promotion, presence, product and place. The important models are: Merchant Model: This model is typically used by traders, resellers, wholesaler and retailers of goods and services. It includes 24x7 ordering and one to one custom marketing (embellix, 2000). Auction Model: This model emulates the traditional 'bidding' model. It implements the bidding mechanisms by presenting goods and their value online. Manufacturer Model: It is used by the manufacturers directly to communicate to the consumers about their goods and services. Affiliate Model: In this model a company becomes an 'affiliate' of another company to advertise itself or its products and needs to pay certain amount for using it.

Building a Wireless Sensor Network Essay Example for Free

Building a Wireless Sensor Network Essay 1.0 Introduction In the previous era, the technology application mostly using wire but now a wireless device has become common place. The definition of wireless sensor network is an application that having no wires connection on that devices. In addition, to make the system easy to monitor from a distant location, the RF 433MHz module was used. So, this project gave rise to the idea for studying details about the RF 433MHz module performance for WSN application. 1.1 Project Background Nowadays, using the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the environment helps someone to solve the problems of deployment difficulty, high cost, and realized unmanned monitoring which is mostly used in factory, buildings, laboratory and house. This project is to study the range and performance of the RF 433MHz module for WSN application. RF 433MHz module are popular used in remote control system. This range also available to use in this area. There are two types of the RF module which is transmitter and receiver. From research, using RF 433MHz module, the data can get more accurately without any data losses with the range that given than compared to other transmission for wireless sensor network. The range that can reach by this RF module is different between outside and inside area. For inside area, it can work for 50 meters through multiple walls with an antenna, while for the outside area, it will be able for hundreds of meters. Besides that, a microcontroller such as Arduino also used in this project. Arduino that available for this project is Arduino PRO which is it has 3.3V port that will be easier to connect directly to the types of RF 433MHz module that used in this project. This project also will be studied the analysis of the data transmission by giving a few of distance between the transmitter and receiver of the RF 433MHz modules when located in the obstacles or line of sight area. Then, the data that are received will be displayed on the computer whether there are data losses or not. 1.2 Problem Statement The problem that becoming as issues right now is there is a lot of ways to send data but the problem is about the range, cost, and data losses. So, for this situation, study the performance of RF 433MHz can overcome the problem for the WSN application. 1.3 Objectives The objectives of this project are to understand the range and performance of RF 433MHz module. Moreover, exploration about the transmitting and receiving the data by using the RF 433MHz module. 1.4 Work Scope The main work scope of this project is to make sure this project will achieve the objectives. The main focus of this project:- i. To study and understanding the range of RF 433MHz module. ii. To transfer data by using RF 433MHz module. 1.5 Methodology In this project, there are three main parts. For the first part, it will be focused on the conducting the literature review and do some research more detail about the RF 433MHz module. Meanwhile, for the second part, after the software development process, the hardware development process will take over and include the testing of the project. Last part, when the hardware and software complete their part, it will be followed by testing the performance and the operation of the project to make an analysis. 1.6 Report Structure This part will explain all the flow for completing this report and project. In this report, there are five chapters. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will introduce the background of the project, state the problems, clear about the objectives, scope of work, planned the methodology and structure of report to make it organized. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will be explained more details about all the research that have been done. Then, the summarization for the project also will be attached to this chapter to make it clear. Chapter 3: Methodology The methodology is the procedures or steps when doing this project. The simulation, analysis, and evaluation of the project will be discussed in this chapter. This method is important because from here the flow of the process for the project will be updated. Chapter 4: Expected Results The expected results in the software or hardware will be stated in this chapter. The comparisons and improvements of this project will be described here. Analysis of the results also will be discussed here. Chapter 5: Conclusion In this chapter, to make a conclusion for all the summary of this project was collected in each part can be discussed in the conclusion.

Assess the Significance of Developments in Policing Essay Example for Free

Assess the Significance of Developments in Policing Essay There were many significant developments in policing which aided the effectiveness of law enforcement in Britain from the period of 1830 to 1965. Reasons as to why developments were necessary in this period; firstly between the years 1829 – 1850 there was a steady increase in crime[1]. Secondly as time progressed criminals came up with ways to beat the policing system, therefore it was necessary for policing in Britain to develop, in order to keep on top of crime. Development factors such as; the establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force, passing of key legislation were key developments in policing which influenced law and order. Other developments such as the reformation of prisons and developments in technology, coupled with roles of individuals such as; Elizabeth Fry and high profile cases like that of Oscar Wilde, also contributed to the effectiveness of law enforcement in the 19th and 20th century. The first significant development in British policing, which notably advocated effective law enforcement was the establishment of the Metropolitan Police Force in 1830. This was a significantly fundamental advancement in law enforcement as it was the first time in British history that an organised policing force was introduced and it updated the predated system of watchmen and bow street runners. However, the force was met with varying attitudes from the public, much of which was sensationalised by the media[2]. Other major Acts were implemented to support the Metropolitan police, especially forces outside of London, for example; the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. This was a significant development as it nationalised the police force therefore allowing effective law enforcement to take place throughout the country, unlike before where it was restricted to London[3]. However the effectiveness of these developments can be questioned, as police officers were often criticised for being drunks and bullies[4], therefore they were mistrusted by the general public. There were further attempts to nationalise the police force, such as the Rural Constabulary Act 1839. This was a significant development in law  enforcement as the legislation focused nationalising policing in rural areas. On the other hand, the enforcement of the Act was optional[5] thus limiting its effectiveness, as many boroughs were apprehensive of its creation. Nevertheless further legislation was pioneered in the form of the County and Borough Police Act of 1856, which saw every county having to acquire a professional police force[6]. The government encouraged the development and gave incentives such as; paying for clothing and wage to efficient police forces[7]. Officers therefore, would have felt a sense of duty to their jobs accurately as they had respectable positions. Additional legislation allowed the policing forces of Britain to develop into further branches, such as the establishment of the C.I.D in 1877 which investigated homicides. This development was pivotal as it loosened pressure on the Metropolitan police force and allowed a select force to focus on a case. However, the birth of the C.I.D incurred with the Turf Fraud Scandal, thus leaving the public suspicious and distrustful of the establishment. The C.I.D’s first major test came in the form of the Jack the Ripper Case in 1888[8], which instilled fear throughout the nation. Conversely the case was significant in another light, as police performance was repeatedly criticised for its incapability and slow work. Other cases such as The Arrest of Scotland Yard[9], did not help the detective forces as they were again shown as an inefficient and corruptive detectives. The development of the C.I.D also brought about the development of the Special Irish Branch in 1884, both which showed their significance as they foiled the assassination attempt of Queen Victoria at her Golden Jubilee in 1887[10]. This was a significant case as it showed the public that both, the C.I.D and the Special Branch were effective developments of law and order as cooperative work between forces ensured the protection of the Queen and thus the nation. It is apparent that other factors contributed in influencing effective law and order and not only developments in policing, for instance the reformation of prisons. Prisons in the 18th century have been criticised for their poor sanitation, poor food and living conditions. It was remarked that felons in Britain lived â€Å"worse than dogs or swine†[11]. Humanitarian Elizabeth Fry campaigned for the separation of women and children from male  prisoners, especially after she witnessed the appalling conditions in prisons[12]. Her work was promoted throughout the House of Commons and with the support of Sir Robert Peel; they introduced a series of prison reform including the Gaols Act 1823. This showed the strong public opinion on issues regarding law and order, especially as intervention of influential individuals was evident. By 1840 the government had recognised that prisons needed to be modernised, such as the Pentonville prison in 1842. Developments such as these meant that wardens could control prisons better and new regimes could be exercised, such as the separate system, where inmates were kept in solitary confinement from the beginning of their sentence. This development aided effective law and order as there were reported cases of reformed criminals, however the system sent many insane or led them to suicide, questioning the regime and the governments handling on the treatment of criminals. Furthermore, prisons had been nationalised in 1877[13], this coupled with the harsh regimes led to a steady fall in crime[14], proving the effectiveness of this development on law and order. Further legislation such as the Prison Act 1898, reasserted the idea of reformation as the main role in prison regimes. This led to a dilution of the separate system, the abolition of hard labour, and established the idea t hat prison labour should be productive. The argument of the reformation of prisons brought attention to young offenders. Transportation itself had ended in 1852, as reformists viewed it as a lenient punishment, however under the Reformation School Acts (1854); courts were allowed to send children for transportation[15] setting double standards within society, whilst historians argue that there were little, if any boundaries between children and adults[16]. The Children’s Act of 1908, established juvenile courts[17] and also banned prison sentences to those less than 14 years of age. This was significant in influencing effective law enforcement, as children were seen with sympathy and compassion. The legislation also showed that boundaries were being set for adults and children. During this period there was a general feeling that children were committing crime due to inadequate discipline and education at home, thus the Borstal System was introduced[18]. The main elements in the borstal programs included; education, regular work, vocational training, and group  counselling, however the Borstal System proved to be ineffective as 75% of inmates still re-offended[19] . Further developments came into fruition in the form of technology, which greatly influenced effective law and order. It has been argued that were being increasingly caught[20], for instance, advancements through the development of finger printing in 1901[21]. The development aimed to prevent criminals from concealing previous convictions. This development contributed to effective law and order as a database of criminals was created which the police could use as a reference for repeat offenders. Other tools which helped the police force included Radio telegraphy and the use of the 999 system in 1910. These developments influenced effective law and order as the police was able to communicate better with not only one another, but also with those in need of help. However the effect of the modernisation of the police force meant that there was increasing reliance on electronical and technological methods, thus alienating the average police man from his community[22]. It can be argued that the use of media had also affected the influence the effectiveness of law and order as public opinion had been influenced through the use of various Medias. The Oscar Wilde Case of 1895[23], exemplified how societies stereotypical immoralities i.e. homosexuality, could be used against someone in a court of law and order and convict them as a criminal. Other cases, for instance the Derek Bentley Case of 1952[24], showed further miscarriage of justice, as the wrong person was hung. This case was significant in influencing law and order as the media attention helped increase societies widespread doubt in the justice system. An added incentive that motivated the public’s change of attitude towards capital punishment and the miscarriage of justice was the Ruth Ellis Case of 1955[25]. It was evident from this case, that Ellis was did not receive the correct legal representation in court and the case was not thoroughly investigated. It was found out after the trial; Ellis was a victim of domestic violence, which could have been the cause for her crime of passion. These high profile cases strengthened the public’s resolve on the issue of the barbarity of capital punishment and the ever present fact that there was  no reprieve for those who were convicted and hung. This led to the profoundly significant changes in legislation which influenced effective law and order; the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act of 1965[26]. This was paramount in policing legislation as the death penalty was abolished. The abolition was a significant change in the 20th century as capital punishment was seen with much aversion both from the public and judges alike, who were especially reluctant to hand out death penalties. In conclusion developments within policing which significantly influenced effective law and order in the period 1830-1965 were vast and all had varying impact on society. Legislation such as the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 and the Rural Constabulary Act of 1839, ensured society was protected by an organised, efficient national police force. However officers were distrusted by the general public, therefore they had many hurdles to face before having a significant impact on society. However one cannot base the effectiveness of law and order within this period solely on developments in policing, as there were other contributory factors. For example; reformation of prisons through work of individuals such as Elizabeth Fry, the establishment of the C.I.D, technological developments such as finger printing and DNA sampling and high profile cases like that of Oscar Wilde. These developments greatly advanced effective law and order, as one can base the suggestion of decreasing crime rate during 1830-1965[27] on these as well as the developments in policing. Bibliography Books Trend of Crime 1750 – 1900 – Ian Dawson Crime and Punishment: A Study Across Time – Roger Whiting 1968 D.Taylor. ‘Crime, Policing, Punishment in England 1750-1914’ The Victorian Underworld, Donald Thomas 1998 Police and Prisons – P. F. Speed 1970 Crime and Punishment through time, John Murray History of Police in England and Wales – T. Crithchley 1978 Websites www.historyhome.co.uk www.learnhistory.org.uk www.parliament.uk/ www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_and_Borough_Police_Act_1856 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper#Investigation www.suite101.com/content/the-jubilee-plot-to-kill-queen-victoria-a290563 www.howardleague.org/index.php?id=elizabethfry www.howardleague.org/history-of-prison-system/ www.crimezzz.net/forensic_history/index.htm www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_wilde www.innocent.org.uk/cases/derekbentley/index.html www.stephwn-stratford.co.uk/ruth_ellis.htm www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1965/71/enacted

Political factors can have a direct impact

Political factors can have a direct impact To comply with the worlds concern of global warming and regulation, Nissan has launched their new product, Nissan Leaf which is the world first 100 percent and zero emission car designed for mass market. It is a fully electric-based car and is expected to be available globally by 2012. Economic The demand for products and services of the automobile industry is strongly affected by the economic conditions in each country or market where they are on sale. The industry has to predict change in economic climate and demands precisely and to take necessary measures to cope with the economic conditions. Price hike on various resources and energy could also affect the company. Any unexpected fluctuation of price regarding such resources can greatly affect the company financials and performance due to deterioration in operating performance. The recent global economic crisis has affected all industries including the automobile industry. Such crisis will have a significant effect on Nissans financial position and business performance. For example, Nissan has been affected by the crisis by falling sales globally. It has made 1200 of its staffs at Sunderland UK plant redundant since the crisis began. The total job cuts are said to be around 20,000 in total across all the plants worldwide*. Socialcultural The lifestyle of people and demographic factor varies according to different marketplace/region. Some countries such as India main transportation are bicycles and motorbikes, though cars are still widely used. This is because of the road and travel destination, where best transportation modes are used. Developed countries such as the UK have train services across the country with almost any destination, such convenience will reduce the usage of personal cars. In the other hand, countries that have no such facilities solely rely on personal cars as transportation, will have a high usage of automobiles. With higher literacy rate and better economy, the younger generation (Generation X) tends to personally own a car, as a requirement or as a social status. Contrary to the older generation where a family owns a single car, now a family might own several cars depending on the numbers of family numbers. As such, there is a higher demand for automobiles now than previously. Other than that, the younger generation have vast preferences of their cars to match their own need, where the automobile industry is working hard to meet their needs. Technological Technologies are crucial to the automobile industry, mass amount of capital is invested in RD to improve their products. With the depletion of fossil fuel in the future, new technology as a substitute to energy resource for automobile is needed. Such technologies needed are hybrid engines and electric cars. Besides, the internet technology has affected almost every industry in the world including the automobile industry. A report by C. Thomas stated that, a study showed that 60% of automobile buyers referred to the internet before making their purchases and out of that 60%, 88% went to the auto websites before taking a test drive. Besides that, the industry gain even more opportunities through internet due to more efficiency and lower cost in logistic. SWOT Strengths: Geographic Diversification Nissan has a wide geographical presence of market all over the world. This helps the company to moderate the various risks associated with over dependence of a particular market. Nissan has a strong market position in Japan, North America, Mexico, China and the Middle East. A wide geographic presence decreases the business risk of the company. This also acts as an easy way for the expansion plans of the company, as a wider reach in terms of geography would mean reaping more benefits and eventually improving the profit margins, attaining economies of scale and recognition on a worldwide basis. Diversified Business Operation Nissan has a wide range and strong product portfolio. It is engaged in planning, developing, manufacturing and selling of automobiles. Through its automobile segment, Nissan provides a range of automobiles and related parts for overseas production. The sales finance segment of the company is engaged in the provision of credit card and leasing services, non-life insurance and financing businesses. Such diversified business operations balances the risks of one market with the opportunities of other markets. Renault-Nissan Alliance Nissan, with the alliance of Renault, has benefited from operating performance and has accelerated its international development since it was established in 1999. Nissan holds 15% of Renault shares, while Renault holds a 44.3% stake in Nissan. It was formed to share both companies expertise and cooperate in purchasing, engineering, engineering, production and distribution. To date, Nissan has improved significantly since the forming of the Alliance. During the last fiscal year 2009, Nissans worldwide sales rose by 0.9%. Weaknesses: Weak Financial Performance Nissan experienced a weak financial performance in the fiscal year ending March 2010. The company reported revenues of JPY 7,517,277 million during the fiscal year ended March 2010, as compared to JPY 8,436,974 million in 2009, a decrease of 11% year on year. This decrease was principally due to the increase in raw material and energy costs and a huge negative impact from foreign exchange. Such financial statistic could decrease the confidence of investors. Low Return on Equity At the end of fiscal year 2010, Nissans return on equity (ROE) was 1.6%. This was below the SP 500 companies average of 4.5%. A lower than SP 500 companies average ROE may indicate that the company may not be using the shareholders money as efficiently as other companies in the SP 500 index and that it is generating low returns for its shareholders compared to other companies in the SP 500 index. Opportunities: Growing Demand for Small and Medium-sized Cars With the current global economic recession and volatile fuel prices, the demand for small and medium-size vehicles has witnessed a strong growth. As such Nissan could find increased opportunities in the small car division. According to a report by ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association), most of the car types have received decrease in registration for the first 5 months of 2010. However, small cars market share increased from 44.9% in 2009 to 46.8% for the five month period of 2010. Thus the shifting consumer preference towards small and mid sized cars offers a strong growth potential for the company. Growing Demand for Hybrid Vehicles Demands for hybrid vehicles are growing in the automobile market. Due to the rising energy cost and increased emissions regulations, demand for light hybrid electric vehicles is expected to increase hugely. With regard to environmental and energy issues, Nissan has placed hybrid technology as one of its core technologies. Nissan has also launched its zero emission electric cars to penetrate the demand of such market. Such growing demand will definitely enhance the revenue and profitability of the company. Threats: Intense Competition The global automotive industry is intense. Nissan faces intense competition with many automobiles giants in the world, mainly Honda and Toyota which same as Nissan are Japanese automobiles companies. Besides, small players and new market entrants draw competition to Nissan. To be able to sustain in such high competition automobile market, Nissan should come up with innovative products and services for its customers e.g. Nissans Leaf zero emission electric car. A highly competitive market such as the automobile industry will affect the company adversely if the company fails to retain and attract new clients/customers. Legal and Political Framework The automobile industry is regulated by governments and regulatory authorities in countries where the companies operate. The companys products, operations and profits can be affected by policies made by the authorities. The major regulation changes are mainly emissions, fuel consumption and safety of vehicles. In addition, such changes in policies and regulations will have a negative effect on Nissans growth and expansion plans/strategies. Global Economic Slowdown The recent economic slowdown has affected globally and prominently Europe and the United States. The GDP growth in the US and the Eurozone slowed down further in 2009. Reports suggest that the US real GDP growth fell to negative 2.6% in 2009 from positive 1.1% in 2008. Also, the economic growth in the Eurozone decreased to 1.4% in 2008 from 2.9% in 2007 and dropped further to as low as 0.2% in 2009. Although Nissan has its operations across the world, its revenue is generated majorly in the US and Europe. With such economic downturn at the companys 2 key markets, itll definitely affects Nissans overall businesses. Porters 5 Forces Barriers to Entry The barriers to entry into the automobile industry are high due to the market saturation. The industry has a wide choice of selection, and requires constant RD in order to compete with rivals. With a high overhead cost, high innovation requirement and a market saturated with well established competitors globally makes it unlikely for new entrants. In order to enter such a saturated market, the entrant must be able to develop a desirable and innovative new car concept with affordable prices. In the case of Nissan, it has been a key player in the automobile industry of Japan and globally as well, and has well established manufacturing plants and distributing channels. Therefore, Nissan will face a minimal rate of new entrants into the industry. As such, Nissan has a low threat of entry. Supplier Bargaining Power Supplier bargaining power of automobile industry is a fairly high. The primary concerns are raw materials, readymade automobile parts and power supply to run its production, etc. As raw materials such as steel (car body parts) and rubbers (tyres and accessories) are natural resources, and the supply of these natural resources are limited, with demands from various industries and consumers, therefore the supplier has a leverage in bargaining power. In the case of Nissan, it was previously Japanese traditional styled company with the keiretsu system between their suppliers. In order to maintain the relation between Nissan and their suppliers, the purchases of supply are overvalued which lead to higher cost of production. With the Alliance of Renault-Nissan in 1999, such system was abolished in Nissan. In the Alliance, Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organisation (RNPO) was established to conduct their purchasing activities. With this strategy, Nissan is able to negotiate its purchasing with their supplier through RNPO. As such, Nissans supplier bargaining power is moderate. Buyer Bargaining Power Buyer bargaining power in the automobile industry is fairly low. There are categories of cars made by different companies targeting different groups of customers. Within each category of cars made, the prices are relatively uniform among the competitors. However, this might vary from countries to countries. High taxation of imported cars in some countries might lead to company reducing car prices in order to penetrate market. In the automobile industry, the industry remains powerful due to the large customer to producer ratio. However, customers have low/no switching cost and other choices of cars from competitors to purchase, so there is still some buyer power. As such, in line with its competitors, Nissans buyer bargaining power is moderate. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes in the automobile industry is fairly moderate. Other than automobile, there are plenty mode of transportation, but most of them doesnt offer the utility, convenience and value offered by automobiles. Besides transportation mode, different product type offered by competitors can be an easy substitute. Competitors within the automobile industry are consistently developing their product to distinguish their product from others. Products with different designs, technologies and innovation may cause customers to replace their preferences. In the case of Nissan, it has a fair range of products from sedans, sports, minivans, SUVs, etc, as well as new designs targeting at different demographic groups. As such, Nissan does not lose out to its competitors that offer different range of automobiles products, which make Nissans threat of substitute moderate because its mainly based on customer preferences. Competitive Rivalry The automobile industry is quite saturated with plenty of well established automobile companies. Nissans major competitors are Honda and Toyota as they represent the major players in the industry from Japan. Toyota as the leader of hybrid cars, had significant advantage over its rivals. Nissan has also launched a range of hybrid cars in order to compete with its rivals. Nissans Leaf is also the world first 100 percent and zero emission car designed for mass market. Such product will bring Nissan significant competitive advantage against its competitors. With the formation of Renault-Nissan Alliance, Nissan is able to overcome their debt and progress better for the last few years. Despite of declines of Nissan major markets, Nissan (Nissan and Infiniti brand) closed 2008 global sales rising 0.9% year on year*. The sales are boosted by the launch of new products. Although there are sharp decline in the US markets and low sales in Japan, Nissan in whole progressed globally, which indicates it is able to compete globally with its competitors. As such, the degree of rivalry of Nissan in the industry is high, depending on the different marketplace or region. Value chain Firm Infrastructure Nissan was previously a bureaucratic organisation until its alliance with Renault. With the reform, Nissan now have more integration of offices and administrative function around the world. Nissan has established a Diversity Steering Committee as an entity for making diversity-related decisions. The committee meets thrice a year with the COO and executives from each division to set a range of policies including specific goals, action plans and progress assessment. Human Resource Management With the Renault-Nissan alliance, reforms of the executive board are obvious with the change of CEO of Nissan. Other than that, Nissan aims to be an attractive organization where diverse human resources can achieve personal growth. This shows that Nissan has move from its Japanese traditional view towards its employee. Technology Development With the world emphasizing on green technologies, Nissan has launched its Nissan Leaf which is an fully electric car with zero emission. Beside this latest technology, Nissan has previously launched hybrid cars. Procurement With the alliance with Renault, Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organisation (RNPO) was established to conduct their purchasing activities. With RNPO, Nissan had improved its costly supply chain. From April 1, 2009, its joint purchasing activities will account for 100% of Alliance purchases. Inbound Logistic Nissan promotes ethical, environmentally sound actions in all stages of supply chain. It has asked suppliers to uphold the values, laws and regulation that are respected by the company. Environmental impact of products is reduced through green procurement activities. Manufacturing Within the Renault-Nissan Alliance, cross production is practised. Nissan has the opportunity to use the manufacturing capacities of its partner. Nissan is able to use Renault plants to produce Nissan vehicles in Korea and Brazil, which add value to the company because Nissan need not set up new manufacturing plants.* Outbound logistic Nissan distributes its product not only through its own distributing channels, but also through its alliance partner. This helps Nissan to be able to deliver its product to its customers. Service Nissan offers a good and responsible after sale service. Nissan has made a global voluntary recall campaign this year to replace an Engine Control Module relay or Ignition relay on specific models. The customer will be informed and will replace the parts at no cost.* Generic Strategy In order for Nissan to compete with its competitors, the company must have a competitive strategy to seek sustainable competitive advantage. Before Nissans alliance with Renault, it has a weak strategy. Nissan has invested vast amount of capital on companies that doesnt related to the automobile industry. Worse so, Nissan has no managerial power in those investments. These investments lead Nissan into a huge amount of debts and have no cash to focus on its own business operation. With the alliance, various major changes improved the condition of Nissan. Nissan is able to gain competitive advantages over competitors. In Porters generic strategy, competitive advantage comes from an understanding of the 5 forces determining the industry attractiveness. This allows the business to be positioned within the industry. As written above, the 5 forces were being analysed. With the understanding of the 5 forces, Nissan is able to position itself in the industry with competitive advantages. Nissan has used differentiation mean to gain its competitive advantage. In the automobile industry, products and their functions are merely the same unless the products are distinguished from its competitors. In such, Nissan has gained a competitive advantage by being the 1st automobile company to launch Nissan Leaf, a fully electric car with zero-emission. Besides, Nissan has different designs and categories of automobiles to target different customers. Nissan is not totally on differentiation. Since its alliance with Renault, Nissan has been able to achieve cost leadership. Nissan has managed to save cost and realising economy of scale by using its alliance Renault plants to produce Nissan vehicles in Korea and Brazil. It also uses Renault distribution channel where Nissan lack of. Culture The major change of culture in Nissan is the alliance with Renault. Both companies were distinct in culture from corporate strategies, management and operations. This is because Nissan is a Japanese company and Renault is a French company where there is a diverse culture. In 2002, the Nissan-Renault alliance set up a strategic management company incorporated under Dutch law which is equally owned by Nissan and Renault. It is aimed to establish a common strategy and manage all synergies of the Alliance. In 2009, the Alliance created a small dedicated team to foster deeper, broader cooperation and to maximize the contribution of synergies to the performance of both partners. The team reports directly to the Alliance CEO and meets monthly to review projects and make recommendations to the Alliance Board on new areas of synergies and business opportunity. Besides that, there are trainings provided to executives from both companies in order for Nissan to learn the French culture and Renau lt to learn the Japanese culture. This harmonises both companies cooperation in the Alliance. In addition to that, the alliance has more than 30 joint working groups called the Functional Task Teams that involved both companies workforce. These groups operate in all the main sectors and areas of activity and are tasked with exploring new synergies between the two companies. Team managers report regularly to the Alliance Board on the progress made in their specific areas of activity. The companies Financials FY 2009 (millions of Yen) FY 2010 (millions of Yen) Nissan Net Sales 8,436,974 7,517,277 Net Income (233,709) 42,390 Current Assets 5,580,410 Current Liabilities 3,856,858 Honda Net Sales 10,001,241 8,579,174 Net Income 137,005 268,400 Current Assets 4,613,724 Current Liabilities 3,419,130 Source: Nissan Annual Report 2010 and Honda Annual Report 2010 Nissans Current ratio: 5,580,410/ 3,856,858 = 1.447 Hondas Current ratio: 4,613,724/ 3,419,130 = 1.349 Some basic information are gathered and tabled as above to have an overview of Nissan and its competitor Hondas financial performance. Nissan recorded net sales of 8,436,974 million yen in the fiscal year 2009 and recorded a drop of net sales by 0.122% with 7,517,277 million yen in the fiscal year 2010. Honda recorded net sales of 10,001,241 million yen in the fiscal year 2009 and recorded a drop of net sales too in the following year. Honda recorded a drop of net sales by 0.166% with 8,579,174 million yen in the fiscal year 2010. Both Nissan and its competitor Honda have a drop of sales from FY2009 to FY2010; this may indicate that the demands of the industry have dropped. This may be related to the global economic downturn that theyre facing. Nissan has recorded a net loss of 233,709 million yen in FY2009 but has managed to make net income of 42,390 million yen in FY2010. With the profitable net income in FY2010, it shows that Nissan has been doing well in the FY2010. Such figure will bring Nissan forward by giving confidence to its stakeholders. However, its competitor Honda has recorded a near doubled increase of net income from 137,005 million yen in FY2009 to 268,400 million yen in FY2010. As such, Nissan has done well and had to maintain and improve its performance in order to compete with its competitors. Nissan and Honda has recorded current ratios of 1.447 and 1.349 respectively. Both Nissan and its competitor Honda has a ratio that shows there might be overtrading. This may due to the global economic downturn and the price hiking of raw materials and fuel.

Jackie Robinson Essays -- Sports, Dodgers, First Black Player

Throughout his professional career, Jackie Robinson, received criticism for being the first â€Å"black† player to play the game. Not only did Jackie Robinson manage to live up to the criticism, he also changed the face of America’s greatest past time forever. With his entrance into the MLB he opened the path for great black players like Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente, Willie Mays, and Ozzie Smith just to name a few. In crossing the color-barrier in baseball Robinson not only strived as a great player on the field, but also a inspiration to the black community of the field with his humility, and willingness to move forward in a time where blacks were not considered â€Å"equal†. Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americans’ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinson’s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, named Mallie McGriff Robinson, moved to Pasadena, California, to find work. (James 5) Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). At that school, he played several sports. He even lettered in: track, baseball, football, and basketball. His largest inspiration was most likely his older brother Matthew. He was a shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, a quarterback on the football team, a guard... ...a lifetime batting average of .311. He appeared in six All-Star Games and six World Series with the Dodgers. At the 1972 World Series, which commemorated the 25th anniversary of his rookie season, a physically deteriorating but still crusading Robinson, a diabetic, said he hoped to live to see blacks in baseball management jobs. Nine days later, he died of a heart attack at the young age of 53. Today, with the dominance of black players in professional sports, it seems unfathomable that a mere 50 years ago, not only were black athletes absent in all mainstream sporting arenas, it was simply not an option and even illegal in some states. His legacy is the inspiration he gives to athletes and people of all color. Robinson is heroic, in part, because of the excellence of his athletic achievement and equally important, for his political commitment to racial equality.

Maligning Female Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth's Female Roles      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The female roles in William Shakespeare's Macbeth are those of the witches, more supernatural than human, Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff, the latter being presented in a minor, almost insignificant way. This paper will explore the role of Lady Macbeth and only make slight comment on the witches.    Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" finds that the main female role could have ended in madness due to the evil tendencies of the lady:    Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience; her remorse takes none of the tenderer forms akin to repentance, nor the weaker ones allied to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on how the feminine role of the leading lady is not a typical one as regards attitude:    [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very remarkable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife, while she never betrays one symptom of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is melted down to softness. (56)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare contradict the impression that the female protagonist is all strength:    Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncan's crown - she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants; yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father.

Euro Disney the Failure Essay -- International Marketing Europe Theme

Walt Disney is the world leader in family entertainment and one of the most valuable brands in the world. Recently, Walt Disney has decided to open up a Disney Theme Park in Hong Kong China, which will be the first theme park in China. Since the opening of Euro Disney, the Walt Disney Company has learned to take into consideration important determinants so that their investment will not be a huge financial loss. Unfortunately, Since Disney did not research as much as they should of when deciding to open Euro Disney, this lead to one of the biggest failures for the Disney Company and is today used as an example of international marketing failures. Disney had high expectations about opening up a Disney Theme Park in France. They projected 500,000 visitors to be in the park on opening day and the result was only 20,000 visitors. According to the textbook, international corporations should research and analyze their profitability level and the market size. Many international companies need to expense their research and development because it will only lead to big financial losses. Walt Disney Company should of used a transnational approach to achieve a consistent and controlled marketing strategy. Transnational approach has three types of variables such as demographic, psychographic and behavioral. A big problem that Disney overlooked was the lack of marketing to the French people, there were more visitors from outside of France then there was in France. After realizing their turnover they starting promoting special package prices for French residents. Several fundamental points that affected the failure of Euro Disney's first 2 years were location, staffing, dining, prices and the opening of to many hotel rooms at ... ... for American companies to realize that "their way" isn't always going to work, especially in a different country with such a different culture. Their Hong Kong project seems like they are taking precaution to prevent any huge financial losses. In spite of their mistakes, Disney is still one of the most important brands in the world and is widely recognized as a successful corporation. Bibliography "Euro Disney: An American in Paris" http://www.business.bham.ac.uk/business/images/cme_resources/Users/Szmigin/euro%20isney.doc Businessweek.com. " Building a Mouse House in Hong Kong". April 11, 2002 http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2002/nf20020411_4498.htm Doole, Isobel and Lowe, Robin. "International Marketing Strategy". Third Edition, Copyright, 2001. Recklies, Dagmar. " Managing Resources-Accounting Assignment". Themanager.org

The Outsiers Essay Test

â€Å"The Outsiders† – Essay test The â€Å"Outsiders† by S. E. Hinton has three main themes, innocence, misunderstanding, and loneliness. In chapter eight, Johnny states, â€Å" Sixteen years on the streets and you can learn a lot. But all the wrong things, not the things you want to learn. † This quote is saying that you learn how to live a rough life you learn to fight and fend for yourself. When living on the streets; you usually don't get a traditional education like learning how to do math or play a sport.The Outsiders shows the importance of preserving the hope, open-mindedness, and appreciation of beauty that are characteristic of childhood. Primarily through the character of Dallas (Dally Winston) the novel also shows how easily experience can harden people and cause them to lose these youthful traits. It also shows the tragic results of this process. dally’s rough Childhood has made him tough and fearsome, and he seems not to care about an ything. But Dally has a soft spot too—his love for Johnny.Johnny represents the hope that Dally has lost, and Dally strives to protect Johnny from the forces that threaten to pull him into the cycle of violence that has enveloped Dally. When Johnny and Dally die, an acknowledgment of the death of any hope in his life. Johnny’s dying words, â€Å"stay gold,† also touch on this theme by referencing the Robert Frost poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay. † While the poem’s message—that all beautiful things Never stay—forces the two boys to realize that they can’t hide from the realities of growing up.Both the Socs and the greasers sacrifice their individuality to the styles and sentiments of their groups. Greasers, for example, wear their hair long and oiled, and share a common hostility toward the Socs. at the start of the novel, Ponyboy is a dedicated greaser even though he knows that certain aspects of his personality make him diffe rent from the rest of the gang (he likes movies, books and is still in school). He also feels that he is misunderstood because of these stereotypes. â€Å"Greasers will still be greasers and Socs will still be Socs.Sometimes I think it’s the ones in the middle that are really the lucky stiffs. † â€Å" It wasn’t fair for the Socs to have everything. We were as good as they are; it wasn’t are fault we were Greasers. † The gang provides him with too great of a sense of safety and strength to even consider life outside of it. But the events surrounding Bob’s death cause Ponyboy to think more deeply about who he wants to be, and his conversations with Johnny, Cherry, and Randy lead him to reflect on the path his life is taking.He begins to question the reasons for conflict between Socs and greasers, and he thinks hard about the decision to participate in the rumble. Ponyboy’s willingness to enter friendships with Socs signals the developm ent of a distinct personal identity, one that includes association with the greasers but excludes total devotion to the greaser way of life. Darry encourages Ponyboy to pursue a life beyond gang membership, and the deaths of Johnny and Dally inspire the expression of his individual point of view in the English essay he writes.By the end of the novel, Ponyboy has committed himself to a life that will, at least in part, encourage other boys to find their own paths and voices, outside of the gang identity. During the book one character Johnny Cade is only descried as one thing, lonely. His farther is an alcoholic that constantly beating him and his mother ignores him. â€Å"I prefer getting beaten by my dad, at least he knows I’m there. By the time he’s in the hospital he is so upset he refuses to see his mom. â€Å" my parents probably don’t care were I am. † Johnny is always known for being abused by his parents and sleeping in the lot, but its only his f riends that keep him from feeling completely invisible. The â€Å"Outsiders† by S. E. Hinton has three main themes, innocence, misunderstanding, and loneliness. Darry, Ponyboy and Johnny express these themes splendidly, showing their courage and heroism.

Determination of the vitamin D status of adults living in the UK and identification of factors influencing the efficacy of dietary intervention

Introduction in that respect is overwhelming clinical evidences that vitamin D plays a signifi spatet role in impairment of the conventionalism functioning of human automobile trunk. virtuoso of the most universal functions of vitamin D is to watch normalcy in corroborateing blood levels of both(prenominal) calcium and phosphate. The two elements be requirement for normal devise mineralisation, contraction of muscles, conductivity of nerves, and otherwise general body cellular functions. As such(prenominal), privation of vitamin D is associated with assorted adverse wellness complications including failure in proper bone development, stick outcer, and heart diseases (Holick, 2011, p.6). A review of around(prenominal) studies has similarly launch evidence that vitamin D replacement can boots acheevity among other health benefits (Gaddipati, et al. 2010). decent synthesis of vitamin D3 from the skin, everyday for season and supplements is subjective for health of bones. In addition to the long-familiar role of vitamin D in regulation calcium metabolism, active form of vitamin D is also associated with anti-proliferative as well as immunomodulatory effects that be linked to several(prenominal) serious conditions such as cancer, metabolous syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, tuberculosis, dementia among other illnesses (Zitterman,et al., 2001). on that point admit been concerns that vitamin D privation is significantly increase in the western nations, and the likeliness of the fuss becoming an epidemic in itself worries nutritionists as well as checkup practitioners alike (Hypponen and Power (2007). A novel survey in England has telled a anguish statistics that half of the adult universe of discourse does non get sufficient levels of vitamin D (Pearce and Cheetham, 2010). The same(p) guinea pig also revealed that 16% of this population has experienced severe hypovitaminosis D during winter and spring, wi th the high gearest rate being residents of Yankee England regions. It is perhaps unsurprising that there ease up been increasing calls for regular screening during normal health care services. The concerns over vitamin D make has led to a shifting over the past decade, with several researchers strive to establish some of the most common adventure factors associated with vitamin D neediness (Holick, 2004).In a study to establish oddment in propensity to vitamin D deficiency between metabolically health and cankerous obese adults, Esteghamati et al. (2004) frame out that metabolically ruddy obese registered to a greater extent assiduity of vitamin D than metabolically un strong obese. This eng get on withment persisted even after accounting for body mint candy index (BMI) and circumference of the individuals waists. Further, there was significantly better metabolic situation and higher concentration of serum 25-hydro vitamin D among the subjects with metabolically he althy obesity. The researchers also nock that the metabolically unhealthy subjects had higher concentrations of colorful enzymes and insurgent markers. In February 2014, Health & fond foreboding Information centre released a report on obesity, physical activity, and diet in England, which indicated that obesity cases were on the jump on (HSCIC, 2014). The data indicate that there has been a significant accession in the equilibrium of obese population from 13.2 portion in 1993 to 24.4 percent of men in 2012. Women enter a similarly high increase during the same period from 16.4 percent to 25.1 percent. Linking this data to relationship between obesity and vitamin D deficiency, it prudent to highlight that vitamin D deficiency prevalence is a point researchers should strike off with keenness it deserves. The extent to which vitamin D deficiency is a public health problem in Britain is believed to swallow increased for several reasons ranging from modus vivendi to weathe r patterns. On lifestyle as a factor, Hypponen and Power (2007) states that the sedentary lifestyle in the western world, including undischarged Britain, leads to vitamin D deficiency, which is exacerbated by a round of other factors including working indoors during mean solar day hours, high latitude and a by and large doubtful climate in regions such as Manchester. Statistics also indicate that vitamin D dietetical inlet is much impose in Great Britain compared to other western nations including United States and Canada (Calvo et al, 2005, p.314). The variance in dietary inhalation of vitamin D between Britain, on the one hand, and United States and Canada, on the other, may be due to the mandatory ordnance of both milk and margarine in the USA and Canada. Some of the most common food sources rich in vitamin are slant, liver, fortified margarine and fortified cereals. However, clinical nutritionary assessments of natural food items nominate that with the exception o f fish and cod liver oil, most natural food binge contains minimal vitamin D, if any (Brough et al., 2010). Significantly, it is important to note that insufficient natural sources for vitamin D is a risk factor in itself, and should be taken into consideration when plans are countersink into place to tackle the problem. Moreover, vitamin D supplements handiness cannot be described as legitimate since demand always exceeds supply (Brough et al., 2010). Studies keep back revealed that there are high rank of vitamin D deficiency all over Great Britain, peculiarly in the ambiguous regions like Manchester and Scotland (Pal et al., 2003). Obesity is a known risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, and its high prevalence in Great Britain is seeming to affect vitamin D status in the population of high-risk regions such as Greater Manchester. In another across the nation study conducted to investigate the demographic characteristics of smock population and possibility of suppleme nts use, it emerged that women and non-obese participants were more liable(predicate) to use vitamin D supplements (Gaddipati et al, 2010). Similarly, residents of northwestwardern England were put in to consume less oily fish, an important source of vitamin D, compared to their Southern counterparts. The study concurs with reports that large number brio on the Northern England and Scotland have higher risk of hypovitaminosis D (Roy et al., 2007 Holick, 2004). In fact, those who are obese and also live in high-risk regions have a likelihood of having vitamin D deficiency twice as high as other obese people spirit in other areas of Great Britain.Vitamin D deficiency has also been reported to be prevalent among minority communities lifetime in Great Britain (de Roos et al, 2012). Some ethnic minorities living in Great Britain are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency than other stems. According to Brough et al. (2010), minority ethnic communities, in particular those who trace their roots to Indian subcontinent and Africa as they tilt to suffer from rise in skin pigmentation. They are also found to increase their susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency by wearing clothes that tend to cover their entire bodies and checking indoors yearlong hours during the day (de Roos et al, 2012 Brough et al., 2010). Other researchers recognise the need to increase vitamin D supplement use of goods and services among the minority population, amid report that there are no consistent or daily supply of vitamin D neither are there recognised screening programs targeting this group (Dealberto, 2006).A study looking at population demographics in the North westmost has revealed that the region has increasing number sr. people (North West regional company Report, 2000). As stated earlier, elderly people are at high-risk of vitamin D deficiency. Clinical studies have investigated age-related decline in vitamin D aspiration, including rate of skin ingress and resp onse to targeted methods of increasing vitamin D by means of dietary interventions (Shaw and Pal, 2002). Several other studies have also linked low vitamin D status with people living in low economic status (Dealberto, 2006.). In many of these linkages, the authors cite issues such as poor nutrition, poor lifestyle and softness to afford supplements. For instance, poor nutrition intake is prevalent in regions with high pauperisation rate, mostly affecting middle recovered women of child-bearing age (Brough et al., 2010). According to Brough et al. (2010) a affablely deprived population cannot afford some of the basic nutrients essential for normal metabolic function such as vitamin D and thus resort to shortcuts of life succession exposing their immune system to chronic diseases. distress report released by the Greater Manchester destitution Commission in 2002 identified Manchester as one of the regions with the highest cases of extreme poverty, with 25 percent of its popula tion living in pitiable poverty (GMPC, 2012). The report further reveal that poor families cannot protect themselves from winter temperature, which makes them stay indoors longer than other UK conformity with average annual income. This can except mean that they have higher risk from vitamin D deficiency. OECD report (2014) suggests that the first note in ensuring low income community members in the United Kingdom are protected from lifestyle related diseases is through social interventions.Tests have revealed that modest rise in vitamin D intake of up to 20 g per day for this group can significantly reduce the rate of bone fracture (Hypponen and Power, 2007). The findings have raised focalisation by agencies and researchers, who have recommended that vitamin D intake for the elderly should raised from the current 5g per day to between 10-20g per day in order to maintain the normal hydroxy vitamin D of 25 (de Roos, 2012, p.6).Considering the need to increase vitamin D intake a mong the population at risk of vitamin D deficiency, the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of fare Policy (comatoseness) recommended that people eat at least 280 g of fish per week, with taste perception to oily fish (de Roos, Sneddon and Macdonald, 2012, p.6). The Scientific informative Committee on Nutrition (SACN) endorsed the COMA tribute, emphasising that this is the bare minimum fish consumption recommended for the average population goal to arrive at the desired vitamin D status. However, they acknowledged that this recommendation does not represent the level of fish consumption required for optimal nutritional benefits. The campaign to encourage more UK population, particularly those living in North Hesperian region, should be directed at increasing oily fish intake by at least 280 g per week as statistics indicate that majority of them do not consume enough fish (de Roos, 2012 Holick, 2011 Hypponen and Power, 2007).Although studies (de Roos, 2012 Holick, 2004) have dwel t on the need for denary interventions ranging from dietary to medical, of more significant for the dexterity of dietary intervention is the need for teaching method among the population on the importance of adopting healthy diet and lifestyle. This is mostly recommended for the high-risk persons including the low-income population, those living in marginally wet and cloudy regions including Manchester, obese, and young women of child bearing age group.ReferencesBrough. L., Rees, G., Crawford, M.A. Morton. R.H. and Dorman, E.K. 2010. Effect ofmultiple- micronutrient supplement on enatic nutrient status, infant tolerate burden and gestational age at birth in a low-income, multi-ethnic population. British Journal of Nutrition, 104 (3) 437- 445.Calvo, M.S., Whiting, S.J. and Barton, C.N. 2005. Vitamin D intake a global perspective ofcurrent status. J Nutr 135 3106.de Roos, B. Sneddon, A. and Macdonald, H. 2012. Fish as a dietary source of healthy long chainn-3 polyunsaturated fat ty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and vitamin D A review of current literature. forage & Health Innovation Service, available at http//www.abdn.ac.uk/rowett/documents/fish_final_june_2012.pdf.Dealberto, M.J. 2006. Why immigrants at increased risk for psychosisVitamin D insuffiency,epigenetic mechanisms, or bothMedical Hypothesis, Vol. 68, pp. 259- 267.Esteghamati, A., Aryan, Z. and Nakhjavani, M. 2004. Differences in vitamin D concentrationbetween metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese adults Association with inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers in 4391 subjects. Diabetes & Metabolism, 5 may 2014, available online at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1262363614000469Gaddipati, V.C., Kuriacose, R. and Copeland R., et al. 2010. Vitamin D deficiency an increasingconcern in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 11(5) 308-11.Greater Manchester Poverty Commission (GMPC). 2012. look Report . The Centre forLocal scotch Strategies.Holick, M.F. 2011. Vitamin D a d-l ightful solution for health. J Investig Med. 59(6)872-80.Holick MF. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmunediseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (suppl)1678S88S.HSCIC. 2014. Statistics on Obesity, physical Activity and Diet. Health & well-disposed CareInformation Centre, England 26 February 2014.Hypponen, E. and Power, C. 2007. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y nationwideage bracket study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3) 860-868.North West Regional Assembly, 2000. An Aging Population Impact for the North West. NorthWest Regional Laboratory. Lancaster University. gettable at www.northest-england.org.uk.OECD Report. (2014). Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights United Kingdom OECD SocialIndicators. Last accessed on 19 May 2014 at http//www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/OECD-SocietyAtaGlance2014-Highlights-UnitedKingdom.pdfPal , B.R., Marshall ,T. and James, C. 2003. Shaw NJ. statistical distr ibution analysis of vitamin Dhighlights differences in population subgroups preliminary observations from a pilot study in UK adults. J Endocrinol. 17911929.Pearce, S.H. and Cheetham, T.D. January, 2010. Diagnosis and counselling of Vitamin Ddeficiency. BMJ, 11 340.Roy D.K, Berry J.L., Pye, SR et al. 2007. Vitamin D status and bone mass in UK South Asiawomen. Bone 40(1) 200-4. Epub 2006 kinsfolk 6.Shaw, N.J and Pal, B.R. 2002. Vitamin D deficiency in UK Asian families activating a newconcern. besotted Dis Child, 86 147-149, Available at http//adc.bmj.com/ heart/86/3/147.fullZittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. 2005. Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin Dinsufficiency into perspective. Br J Nutr 94 48392.